Experimental verification of parameters in automobile crankshaft modelling for vibration analysis

In the interest of utilized more stable automobile components at high speed for reduction the vibration of mechanical system, dynamic characteristics analysis plays a vital role in complex mechanical parts. This paper introduces a clarified approach on statistical investigation and modal analysis methodology to study, predict and accurate crankshaft natural frequencies by using design of experiment (DOE). In this research, first, simulation had been done with MSC Nastran/ Patran to find out the natural frequencies in each mode shape of crankshaft as well as the verification with experiment was carried out. In order to less inaccuracy, numerous simplified crankshaft models were created by using these as input and DOE was established to acquire precise parameters of optimized crankshaft design as the second phase. This method can be further used for the optimizing the structural parameters and would provide some value basis to qualitative measure of parameters and determination of optimized structure. In Conclusion, modal verification accuracy between experimental and simulation has improved

COVID-19 handbook for primary school children (Fun-Facts for Kids).

This eBook is designed to educate the primary school children on COVID-19 disease. The little readers will have an overview on the causative agent, symptoms of COVID-19 and how to prevent from being infected by the virus. The authors used simple language to enhance children's understanding on this matter, in a fun way. The illustrations were made in a bright, colorful images to enhance comprehension

Chronic exposure of low-dose organic arsenic induced oxidative stress injury on the rats kidney

Introduction: Monosodium methylarsonate (MSMA) is an organic arsenical herbicide widely used in agriculture. Humans are exposed to arsenic through contaminated drinking water and anthropogenic activities. Exposure to acute and high dose of inorganic arsenic induced oxidative stress injury in the tissue. However, studies focusing on effects of chronic low dose organic arsenic exposure on oxidative genes of kidneys are limited. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the effects of chronic low dose organic arsenic exposure on rats’ kidneys oxidative genes at 6-month duration. Materials and Methods: Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 2-3 months old, with average weight of 200 to 250g divided into two groups (n=6); control and treatment respectively. The control group was given daily oral gavage of distilled water and the treatment group was given daily oral gavage of MSMA at 63mg/kg body weight for 6-months duration. Kidneys were harvested for histology and gene expression analysis. Results: Histologically, on H&E & PAS staining, the control group showed normal appearance of the glomerular and tubular structures. The treatment groups showed microscopic changes of the glomerular and tubular structures such as glomerular atrophy with widening of Bowman’s space, dilated tubular lumen, loss of brush border and presence of tubular cast. Gene’s analysis showed upregulation of Glutathione reductase (GSR) and downregulation of Catalase and nitrite oxide synthase 1 (NOS1). Conclusion: Chronic exposure to low dose organic arsenic induced kidney injury through oxidative stress mechanism

Histopathological changes in chronic low dose organic arsenic exposure in rats kidney

INTRODUCTION: Exposure to environmental arsenic remains a major public health challenge. Human is exposed to arsenic from groundwater as a result of anthropogenic activities. Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic has been linked with multiple medical conditions. Therefore, many agricultural countries have shifted the use of inorganic to the organic-based herbicide, monosodium methylarsonate (MSMA). However, with increasing numbers of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu), chronic exposure to herbicide is believed as one of the potential explanations. To date, studies on chronic effects of organic arsenic on the kidney are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic oral organic arsenic exposure on the rat’s kidney. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Thirty-six Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into treatment and its corresponding control groups according to the duration of observations either 2, 4 or 6 months. Both groups were subdivided into three subgroups, each with six animals per subgroup. The treatment groups were given oral MSMA at 63.20 mg/kg body weight, while control groups received distilled water. At the end of each duration, blood was collected for the renal profile, urine for neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) marker, and kidney tissues were harvested for arsenic level measurement and histological analysis. RESULTS: Arsenic level and urinary NGAL were higher in all treatment groups than its corresponding control groups. Histological findings showed progressive pathological changes in the glomeruli and proximal tubules. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic oral exposure to low dose organic arsenic has demonstrated evidence of kidney injury in rats

Matching action to need: an analysis of Global Burden of Disease 2017 and population health data to focus adolescent health policy and actions in Myanmar

Background: Myanmar is a country undergoing rapid transitions in health. Its national strategic policy for young people's health is being revised but there is a paucity of population data to inform local priorities and needs. Objective: In this paper we describe a comprehensive profile of adolescent health in Myanmar to focus policy and health actions. Methods: We used available primary data, and modelled estimates from the GBD 2017, to describe health outcomes (mortality and morbidity), health risks and determinants for adolescents in Myanmar between 1990-2017. A governance group of key stakeholders guided the framing of the study, interpretation of findings, and recommendations. Results: Overall health has improved for adolescents in Myanmar since 1990, however adolescent mortality remains high, particularly so for older adolescent males; all-cause mortality rate for 10-24 years was 70 per 100,000 for females and 149 per 100,000 for males (16,095 adolescent deaths in 2017). Overall, the dominant health problems were injuries for males and non-communicable disease for females in a context of ongoing burden of communicable and nutritional diseases for both sexes, and reproductive health needs for females. Health risks relating to undernutrition (thinness and anaemia) remain prevalent, with other health risks (overweight, binge alcohol use, and substance use) relatively low by global and regional standards but increasing. Gains have been made in social determinants such as adolescent fertility and modern contraception use; however, advances have been more limited in secondary education completion and engagement in employment and post education training. Conclusions: These results highlight the need to focus current efforts on addressing disease and mortality experienced by adolescents in Myanmar, with a specific focus on injury, mental health and non-communicable disease.Karly I. Cini, Phone Myint Win, Zay Yar Swe, Kyu Kyu Than, Thin Mar Win ... Peter S. Azzopardi ... et al

Association between prognostic biomarkers of CyclinD1 and estrogen receptor in breast cancer by immunohistochemical analysis

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumour & the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide annually. Invasive duct carcinoma of the breast is a clinically and biologically heterogeneous disease. A cross–sectional study was carried out among 40 cases of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections of invasive duct carcinoma (NST) of the breast. Histological grading was done according to Modified Bloom and Richardson Grading. Immunoexpression of cyclinD1 (using DAKO M7155) and ER (using DAKO M7047) were detected by immunohistochemistry. In this study, at least 10% of brown nuclear staining regardless of staining intensity was interpreted as positive. The data was analysed by using chi- square test. (SPSS version 11.5) . In 40 patients, the ages ranged from 34 to 78 years with a mean of 54 years. CyclinD1 expression was detected in 43% (17 of 40) of cases, and was inversely associated with histological grade (p=0.01). ER immunoreactivity was found in 30% (12 of 40) of patients and was inversely associated with histological grade (p=0.021). CyclinD1 immunoreactivity was positively associated with estrogen receptor expression (p=0.043). There was no significant correlation with clinical prognostic parameters of age, menopausal status, tumour size and clinical stage with both prognostic biomarkers

Plasma membrane calcium ATPase during colon cancer cell differentiation and in colon cancer

Colon cancer is the third most common type of cancer, with high mortality throughout the world. During tumorigenesis, normal cells transform into tumour cells following changes in the expression of oncogenes and/or tumour suppressor genes, which are involved in many processes including the cell cycle, differentiation and apoptosis. An imbalance in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation in colon epithelial cells is usually associated with the development of colon cancers. Uncontrolled proliferation with a lack of differentiation is one of the major characteristic features of cancer cells and a remodelling of the Ca2+ signalling is linked to these pathways. Among the Ca2+ transporting proteins, P-type Ca2+-ATPases, the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) pump, has a high-affinity for Ca2+ and is involved in the efflux of Ca2+ against the electrochemical gradient from the cytosol across the extracellular space. Four PMCA isoforms have been identified. PMCA1 and 4 are expressed in most tissues. Changes in the expression of PMCA have been documented in breast cancer cells, whereas the expression profile of PMCA isoforms in colon cancer cells remains unknown. Up-regulation of another P-type Ca2+-ATPase, expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum, SERCA3, occurs during the differentiation of colon cancer cell lines and is down-regulated in colon cancers. Changes in PMCA expression have not been assessed during colon cancer cell differentiation. The first part of this thesis describes the analysis of the expression profile of PMCA during colon cancer cell differentiation. Both PMCA mRNA and protein levels were assessed in differentiated HT-29 cells by real time RT-PCR and western blotting analysis, respectively. The results showed changes in PMCA4 expression, whereas changes in the expression of PMCA1 were not associated with differentiation of HT-29 cells. PMCA mRNA levels were also reduced in some colon cancers suggesting a remodelling of PMCA-mediated Ca2+ efflux during colon carcinogenesis. The second part of this thesis involved exploring the functional role of PMCA4 in Ca2+-mediated signalling pathways such as differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. PMCA4 expression was altered in HT-29 colon cancer cells via transient and stable over-expression of a PMCA4 expressing plasmid or siRNA-mediated silencing of PMCA4. An increase in the PMCA4 level did not alter or induce differentiation of HT-29 cells. Hence, up-regulation of PMCA4 expression may be a consequence rather than a cause of HT-29 colon cancer cell differentiation. PMCA4-mediated reduction in proliferation was observed in HT-29 colon cancer cells where PMCA4 was stably over-expressed. Stable PMCA4 over-expression was also associated with the down-regulation of the transcription of the early response gene, FOS. Despite the apparent augmentation of cytosolic Ca2+ responses to G-protein coupled receptor Ca2+ mobilizing agents, the sensitivity of cells to the apoptotic inducing agents such as TRAIL and/or CCCP was not affected following siRNA-mediated PMCA4 inhibition in HT-29 cells. Collectively this thesis describes PMCA isoform-specific changes during differentiation of HT-29 colon cancer cells and alterations in PMCA levels in some colon cancers.Evidence is also presented to suggest that alterations in PMCA expression in colon cancer cells may provide a growth advantage by promoting proliferation without increasing sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli

Relationship of Cyclin D1 expression, Estrogen Receptor status and Histological grading in Invasive Duct Carcinoma of the breast

Invasive duct carcinoma of the breast is a clinically and biologically heterogeneous disease. Histological grading was done according to Modified Bloom and Richardson Grading in 40 cases of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections of Invasive duct carcinoma (NST). Estrogen receptor (ER) status and Cyclin D1 expression were detected by standard immunohistochemistry. Cyclin D1 expression was detected in 43% (17 of 40) of cases, and was inversely associated (x2 test) with histological grade (p=0.01). ER immunoreactivity was found in 30% (12 of 40) of patients and was inversely associated with histological grade (p=0.021). Cyclin D1 immunoreactivity was positively associated with estrogen receptor expression (p=0.043). There was no significant correlation with clinical prognostic parameters of age, menopausal status, tumour size and clinical stage

Finding Shortest Path Using Floyd Warshall’s Algorithm

Nowadays, the transportation becomes avital role in developing countries so people needto know the shortest ways. Therefore, this systemwill be developed intending to reduce thetransportation time by applying one of the shortestpath finding algorithm in six townships of theYangon Map.They are Kamaryut, Hlaing,Sanchaung ,Mayangone, Dagon and Mingalardontownships. There are many shortest path findingalgorithms such as Dijkstra’s Algorithm, Floyd-Warshall’s Algorithm, Bellman Ford Algorithm,A* Algorithm, Johnson’s Algorithm etc. Thispaper is intended to use Floyd-Warshall’sAlgorithm and applied to find shortest ways in sixtownships of the Yangon map. In this paper, 158nodes and 182 edges are defined and the vertexwill be represented as well-known places such as(Hospitals, Hotel, Parks, Pagodas, Airport,Markets, Shopping Mall, City Mart, Junctions,Private Hospitals, Private Clinics, Embassies,Museums, Theatres, Churches, Cinema Halls,Golf Clubs, Cemetery, Restaurants, Coffee Shopsand Universities) so user have already familiarwith these places. This system will intend tosupport the users such as car drivers, taxi drivers,visitors from other states and divisions ofMyanmar and also foreigners. It is also supportfor the ambulance and fire truck for saving humanlives

Relationship between serum uric acid, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) Level and blood pressure in premenopausal and postmenopausal women

High serum levels of uric acid and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) are major risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Postmenopausal women are said to have increased risk of cardiovascular diseases compared with premenopausal women, due to loss of endogenous sex hormone production. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between serum uric acid, hs-CRP and blood pressure in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Thirty-six premenopausal women (20 - 35 years) and 38 postmenopausal women (46 - 60 years) were recruited from University of Medicine 2,Yangon.</p